ื“ืœื’ ืœืชื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื™

ืžื“ืจื™ื›ื™ื ืขืœ ืžืงืœื—ื•ื ื™ื ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช

ืžืงืœื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช: ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืœ

ืžืงืœื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช

ืžืงืœื—ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื ืžืงืœื—ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื”ื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืคื™ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื›ื: ื”ืฆื•ืจื”, ืกื•ื’ ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืœ. ื‘ืกื•ืคืจ ื’ืœืืก ื›ืœ ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื™ื•ืฆืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ื”, ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืžื—ื•ืกืžืช 8 ืž"ืž ืขื ืชื• ืชืงืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœื™.

ืื™ืœื• ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช?

ื™ืฉ ืืจื‘ืข ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืขื™ืงืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ:

  1. ืฆื•ืจื”: ืคื™ื ืชื™, ื—ื–ื™ืช, ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืื• ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืขื”. ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืจืฆืคื” ื•ื”ืžืงื•ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ.
  2. ืคืชื™ื—ื”: ืงื‘ื•ืข ื•ื“ืœืช, ื“ืœืช ืื—ืช, ืฉืชื™ ื“ืœืชื•ืช, ื“ืœืช ื”ื–ื–ื” ืื• ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžืชืงืคืœืช.
  3. ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช: ืฉืงื•ืคื”, ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืงืœื™ืจ, ืืกื™ื“ ื—ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื• ืคืก ื—ืœื‘ื™.
  4. ืคืจื–ื•ืœ: ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื˜, ื ื™ืงืœ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืื• ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื˜.

ืื™ื–ื• ืฆื•ืจืช ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื—ื“ืจ?

ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืชื™ ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืฉืœ 90 ืžืขืœื•ืช, ื•ืžืชืื™ื ืœืคื™ื ื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืช ืกื•ื’ืจ ื ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืงื• ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ืจื•ืช. ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืงืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”, ื•ื“ื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืžืงืœื—ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ื•ืจื—ื‘ื” ื‘ืœื™ ื“ืœืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื‘ืžืงืœื—ื•ื ื™ื ืคื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ืžืงืœื—ื•ื ื™ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื•ื ื™ื.

ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืกื•ื’ ืคืชื™ื—ื”?

ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื ืงื‘ืขืช ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ: ืืกืœื”, ืืจื•ืŸ ืืžื‘ื˜ื™ื”, ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื•ื—ืœื•ืŸ. ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื“ืœืช ืฉื ืคืชื—ืช ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื“ืœืช ื”ื–ื–ื” ืื• ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ืงื” ืคื•ืชืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”. ื›ืฉื”ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ืžืฉืžืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืกื ื’ืœื’ืœื™ื, ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืคืชื— ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื ื•ื—.

ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ?

  • ืฉืงื•ืคื”: ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื”, ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ื ืจืื™ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื”
  • ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืงืœื™ืจ: ืฉืงื•ืคื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื‘ืœื™ ื”ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ืจืงืจืง ืฉืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืจื’ื™ืœื”
  • ืืกื™ื“ (ื—ืœื‘ื™ืช): ืœืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”, ืžืกืชื™ืจื” ืืช ืžื™ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ื
  • ืคืก ื—ืœื‘ื™: ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื—ืœื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื, ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉืงื™ืคื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ

ื”ืจื—ื‘ื” ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืœืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ.

ืื™ืš ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืœ?

ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ื, ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืื‘ื™ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื˜ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื˜ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™, ื•ื ื™ืงืœ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืงืœืืกื™. ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช.

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ื—ืจืชื ื”ื™ื ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื”ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•: ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืฆื•ืจื”, ืคืชื™ื—ื”, ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ื•ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช, ื•ื”ืฉืจื˜ื•ื˜ ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื.

ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืจื—ืฆื”

ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ืืฆืœ ืœืงื•ื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื’ื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื•ื’ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ื›ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื•ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ืฉืœื›ื:

  • ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ื•ื ืงื™: ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืืงืกื˜ืจื” ืงืœื™ืจ ืขื ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืžื˜, ืœื™ื“ ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ืฉื—ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื• ืืคื•ืจ.
  • ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™: ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื˜ ืขื ืคืก ื—ืœื‘ื™, ืœื™ื“ ืืจื•ืŸ ืขืฅ ื•ื‘ืจื–ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”ื‘.
  • ืงืœืืกื™ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจ: ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ื ื™ืงืœ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืขื ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืขื ื—ื™ืคื•ื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ.
  • ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ืžืœืื”: ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืืกื™ื“ ื—ืœื‘ื™ืช, ื›ืฉื”ืžืงืœื—ืช ื ืžืฆืืช ืžื•ืœ ื“ืœืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ืื• ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ืจื—ืฆื” ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ.

ื˜ื™ืค ืžืขืฉื™: ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ืœื™ื“ ื”ื‘ืจื– ืื• ื”ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืจืชื, ื•ื‘ื“ืงื• ืืช ื”ื”ืชืืžื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื“ืจ ืขืฆืžื•. ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืฉื—ื•ืจ ื ืจืื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืื•ืจ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื‘ืื•ืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื.

ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืชื—ืชื•ื ื”

ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ: ื”ืฆื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื ืงื‘ืขื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื•ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืขื™ื, ื•ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ืœืคื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ื•ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืฉืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืงืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื ืจืื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘. ื•ืื ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื, ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืชื›ื ืŸ ื‘ืืชืจ ื•ืฉื™ื—ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ืงืฆืจื” ืžืกื“ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ื›ืžื” ืขื•ืœื” ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืชืื ืื™ืฉื™ืช?

ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ, ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืœื˜ื•ืช, ื‘ืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ื•ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืœ. ืœื›ืŸ ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื”ืฆืขืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืžื” ืฆืจื™ืš, ื•ื”ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.

ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื” ืขื ืคืก ื—ืœื‘ื™?

ื›ืŸ. ืคืก ื—ืœื‘ื™ ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื—ืœื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช ืฉืงื•ืคื”, ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื“ืจ.

ืื™ื–ื” ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœ ืœืชื—ื–ื•ืงื”?

ื›ืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ื ืฉืžืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉืžื ื’ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ืžืงืœื—ืช. ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื›ืชืžื™ ืžื™ื ื‘ื•ืœื˜ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืžื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช.

ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืœ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื“ื™ื“ื”?

ืœื. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื“ื™ื“ื” ืขื ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื•ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืžื•ื“ื“, ืœืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื—ื“ืจ.

ื›ืžื” ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉืœื‘ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื“ืจ?

ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฆื‘ืข ืคืจื–ื•ืœ ืื—ื“ ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื‘ืจื–ื™ื ื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื•ืช. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“, ืื‘ืœ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจ ืœื ื™ื™ืจืื” ืžื‘ื•ืœื’ืŸ.

ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ืžืงืœื—ื•ืŸ? ื ืฉืžื— ืœื™ื™ืขืฅ

ืกื•ืคืจ ื’ืœืืก, ืžืงืœื—ื•ื ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช 8 ืž"ืž ืขื ืชื• ืชืงืŸ. ื™ื™ืขื•ืฅ ื•ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืœืœื ื”ืชื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช.